New research reveals that excessive daydreaming could prevent timely diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, according to findings published in the Journal of Attention Disorders.
The study, conducted at Selçuk University in Türkiye, analyzed data from 214 adults with ADHD, comparing those diagnosed in childhood versus adulthood. Results showed that adults diagnosed later in life exhibited higher levels of maladaptive daydreaming - a behavior marked by compulsive, immersive fantasizing that interferes with daily functioning.
"Maladaptive daydreaming consistently emerged as an indicator of delayed diagnosis," explained lead researcher Ali Kandeğer. "This finding highlights its unique role in masking ADHD symptoms and delaying help-seeking behavior."
The research team found that adults diagnosed with ADHD later in life tended to be older, more educated, and showed more severe symptoms compared to those diagnosed in childhood. Statistical analysis revealed maladaptive daydreaming severity predicted adult ADHD diagnosis, even when accounting for other factors.
Experts note that while typical daydreaming is normal, maladaptive daydreaming can consume hours daily and often serves as an escape from stress or negative emotions. This coping mechanism may temporarily relieve emotional distress but can seriously disrupt social, academic and work life.
The study suggests that excessive daydreaming may mask classic ADHD indicators by reducing visible hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors during fantasy episodes. This masking effect could prevent individuals and clinicians from recognizing underlying ADHD symptoms.
However, the researchers acknowledge limitations, including the study's cross-sectional design at a single center and reliance on self-reported data. The relatively young average age of participants (23 years) may not represent experiences of older adults with ADHD.
Moving forward, the research team plans to investigate whether maladaptive daydreaming influences objective cognitive testing for ADHD. Their findings emphasize the need for mental health professionals to consider excessive daydreaming when evaluating adult patients for potential ADHD.